Which type of pneumothorax occurs during subclavian line placement, thoracentesis, following lung biopsy, or Barotrauma from positive pressure ventilation?

• A. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax
• B. Secondary pneumothorax
• C. Iatrogenic pneumothorax
• D. Tension pneumothorax

Answer: (C)

Pneumothorax is categorized by its cause, and air in the pleural space that results from medical procedures or related therapies is called iatrogenic pneumothorax. Subclavian line placement, thoracentesis, and a lung biopsy are invasive procedures that can puncture the pleura and introduce air. Barotrauma from positive-pressure ventilation is another mechanism by which air can escape into the pleural space due to medical treatment. This makes it the iatrogenic type. In contrast, primary spontaneous occurs without underlying lung disease or procedures, and secondary spontaneous arises from existing lung disease. Tension pneumothorax describes a dangerous physiologic state with pressure buildup that can complicate any pneumothorax but is not defined by a distinct etiologic category. Management depends on size and symptoms, with small cases potentially observed on oxygen and larger ones treated with a chest tube; tension requires immediate decompression.